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• Introduction
  • Area covered
  • Scope of the work
  • Sources of information
  • Use of the keys
  • Key to Gulf of Maine fishes
• The Cyclostomes. Class Agnatha
  • Hagfishes and lampreys. Families Myxinidae and Petromyzonidae
    • Hag Myxine glutinosa Linnaeus
    • Sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus
• Cartilaginous fishes. Class Chondrichthyes
  • Sharks, torpedoes, skates and rays. Subclass Elasmobranchii
    • Sharks. Order Selachii
      • Sand sharks. Family Carchariidae
        • Sand shark Carcharias taurus Rafinesque
      • Mackerel sharks. Family Isuridae
        • Mackerel shark Lamna nasus (Bonnaterre)
        • Sharp-nosed mackerel shark, Mako Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque
        • Maneater, White shark Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus)
      • Basking sharks. Family Cetorhinidae
        • Basking shark Cetorhinus maximus (Gunnerus)
      • Thresher sharks. Family Alopiidae
        • Thresher Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre)
      • Cat sharks. Family Scyliorhinidae
        • Chain dogfish Scyliorhinus retifer (Garman)
      • Smooth dogfishes. Family Triakidae
        • Smooth dogfish Mustelus canis (Mitchill)
      • Requiem sharks. Family Carcharhinidae
        • Tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier (LeSueur)
        • Blue shark Prionace glauca (Linnaeus)
        • Sharp-nosed shark Scoliodon terrae-novae (Richardson)
        • Dusky shark Carcharhinus obscurus (LeSueur)
        • Brown shark Carcharhinus milberti (Müller and Henle)
      • Hammerhead sharks. Family Sphyrnidae
        • Bonnet shark, Shovelhead Sphyrna tiburo (Linnaeus)
        • Hammerhead Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus)
      • Spiny dogfishes. Family Squalidae
        • Spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias Linnaeus
        • Black dogfish Centroscyllium fabricii (Reinhardt)
        • Portuguese shark Centroscymnus coelolepis Bocage and Brito Capello
      • Gurry sharks. Family Dalatiidae
        • Greenland shark Somniosus microcephalus (Bloch and Schneider)
        • Dalatias licha (Bonnaterre)
      • Bramble sharks. Family Echinorhinidae
        • Bramble shark Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre)
    • Torpedoes, skates and rays. Order Batoidei
      • Torpedo or electric rays. Family Torpedinidae
        • Torpedo Torpedo nobiliana Bonaparte
      • Skates. Family Rajidae
        • Barn-door skate Raja laevis Mitchill
        • Big skate Raja ocellata Mitchill
        • Brier skate Raja eglanteria Bose
        • Leopard skate Raja garmani Whitley
        • Little skate Raja erinacea Mitchill
        • Smooth-tailed skate Raja senta Garman
        • Thorny skate Raja radiata Donovan
      • Whip-tailed sting rays. Family Dasyatidae
        • Sting ray Dasyatis centroura (Mitchill)
      • Cow-nosed rays. Family Rhinopteridae
        • Cow-nosed ray Rhinoptera bonasus (Mitchill)
      • Devil rays. Family Mobulidae
        • Devil ray Manta birostris (Donndorff)
  • Chimaeroids. Subclass Holocephali
    • Chimaeras. Order Chimaerae
      • Chimaeridae. Family Chimaeridae
        • Chimaera Hydrolagus affinis (Brito Capello)
• Bony fishes. Class Osteichthyes
  • Sturgeons. Family Acipenseridae
    • Sea Sturgeon Acipenser sturio Linnaeus
    • Short-nosed sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum LeSueur
  • Herring and Tarpon tribes. Families Clupeidae, Dussumieriidae, and Elopidae
    • Ten-pounder Elops saurus Linnaeus
    • Tarpon Tarpon atlanticus (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
    • Round herring Etrumeus sadina (Mitchill)
    • Herring Clupea harengus Linnaeus
    • Hickory shad Pomolobus mediocris (Mitchill)
    • Alewife Pomolobus pseudoharengus (Wilson)
    • Blueback Pomolobus aestivalis (Mitchill)
    • Shad Alosa sapidissima (Wilson)
    • Thread herring Opisthonema oglinum (LeSueur)
    • Menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus (Latrobe)
  • Anchovies. Family Engraulidae
    • Anchovy Anchoa mitchilli (Cuvier and Valendiennes)
    • Striped anchovy Anchoa hepsetus (Linnaeus)
  • Salmons. Family Salmonidae
    • Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill)
    • Salmon Salmo salar Linnaeus
    • Humpback salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum)
    • Silver salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)
  • Smelts. Family Osmeridae
    • Capelin Mallotus villosus (Müller)
    • Smelt Osmerus mordax (Mitchill)
  • Argentines. Family Argentinidae
    • Argentine Argentina silus Ascanius
  • Luminescent fishes
  • Lanternfishes. Family Myctophidae
    • Headlight-fish Diaphus effulgens (Goode and Bean)
    • Lanternfish Myctophum affine (Lütken)
  • Pearlsides. Family Maurolicidae
    • Pearlsides Maurolicus pennanti (Walbaum)
  • Viper Fishes. Family Chauliodontidae
    • Viperfish Chauliodus sloani Bloch and Schneider
  • Stomiatids. Families Gonostomidae and Stomiatidae
    • Cyclothone Cyclothone signata Garman
    • Stomias Stomias ferox Rheinhardt
    • Stomioides nicholsi Parr
    • Trigonolampa miriceps Regan and Trewavas
  • Hatchet fishes. Family Sternoptychidae
    • Silver hatchet fish Argyropelecus aculeatus Cuvier and Valenciennes
  • Eels. Families Anguillidae, Congridae, Simenchelyidae, Synaphobranchidae, Nemichthyidae, and Ophichthyidae
    • Eel Anguilla rostrata (LeSueur)
    • American conger Conger oceanica (Mitchill)
    • Slime eel Simenchelys parasiticus Gill
    • Long-nosed eel Synaphobranchus pinnatus (Gronow)
    • Snake eel Omochelys cruentifer (Goode and Bean)
    • Snipe eel Nemichthys scolopaceus Richardson
  • Lancetfishes. Family Alepisauridae
    • Lancetfish Alepisaurus ferox Lowe
  • Mummichogs or killifishes. Family Poeciliidae
    • Common mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus (Linnaeus)
    • Striped mummichog Fundulus majalis (Walbaum)
    • Sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon variegatus Lacépède
  • Billfishes. Family Belonidae
    • Silver gar Tylosurus marinus (Walbaum)
    • Garfish Ablennes hians (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
  • Halfbeaks. Family Hemiramphidae
    • Halfbeak Hyporhamphus unifasciatus (Ranzani)
  • Needlefishes. Family Scomberesocidae
    • Needlefish Scomberesox saurus (Walbsum)
  • Flying fishes. Family Exocoetidae
    • Flying fish Cypselurus heterurus (Rafinesque)
  • Silver hake and Cod families. Families Merlucciidae and Gadidae
    • Silver hake Merluccius bilinearis (Mitchill)
    • Cod Gadus callarias Linnaeus
    • Tomcod Microgadus tomcod (Walbaum)
    • Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus (Linnaeus)
    • American pollock Pollachius virens (Linnaeus)
    • White hake Urophycis tenuis (Mitchill)
    • Squirrel hake Urophycis chuss (Walbaum)
    • Spotted hake Urophycis regius (Walbaum)
    • Long-finned hake Urophycis chesteri (Goode and Bean)
    • Blue hake Antimora rostrata Gunther
    • Hakeling Physiculus fulvus Bean
    • Four-bearded rockling Enchelyopus cimbrius (Linnaeus)
    • Cusk Brosme brosme (Müller)
  • Grenadiers. Family Macrouridae
    • Common grenadier Macrourus bairdii Goode and Bean
    • Rough-headed grenadier Macrourus berglax Lacépède
    • Long-nosed grenadier Coelorhynchus carminatus (Goode)
  • Opahs. Family Lampridae
    • Opah Lampris regius (Bonnaterre)
  • Flounders and Soles. Families Hippoglossidae, Paralichthyidae, Pleuronectidae, Bothidae, and Achiridae
    • Halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus (Linnaeus)
    • Greenland halibut Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Walbaum)
    • American dab Hippoglossoides platessoides (Fabricius)
    • Summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus (Linnaeus)
    • Four-spotted flounder Paralichthys oblongus (Mitchill)
    • Yellow-tail Limanda ferruginea (Storer)
    • Winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum)
    • Smooth flounder Liopsetta putnami (Gill)
    • Witch flounder Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (Linnaeus)
    • Sand flounder Lophopsetta maculata (Mitchill)
    • Gulf Stream flounder Citharichthys arctifrons Goode
    • Hogchoker Achirus fasciatus Lacépède
  • John Dories. Family Zeidae
    • American John Dory Zenopsis ocellata (Storer)
  • Grammicolepid fishes. Family Grammicolepidae
    • Grammicolepid Xenolepidichthys americanus Nichols and Firth
  • Snipe fishes. Family Macrorhamphosidae
    • Snipe fish Macrorhamphosus scolopax (Linnaeus)
  • Silversides. Family Atherinidae
    • Silverside Menidia menidia (Linnaeus)
    • Waxen silverside Menidia beryllina (Cope)
  • Mullets. Family Mugilidae
    • Mullet Mugil cephalus Linnaeus
  • Barracudas. Family Sphyraenidae
    • Northern barracuda Sphyraena borealis DeKay
  • Sticklebacks. Family Gasterosteidae
    • Nine-spined stickleback Pungitius pungitius (Linnaeus)
    • Three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus
    • Two-spined stickleback Gasterosteus wheatlandi Putnam
    • Four-spined stickleback Apeltes quadracus (Mitchill)
  • Pipefishes. Family Syngnathidae
    • Pipefish Syngnathus fuscus Storer
    • Pelagic pipefish Syngnathus pelagicus Linnaeus
  • Seahorses. Family Hippocampidae
    • Sea horse Hippocampus hudsonius DeKay
  • Trumpetfishes. Family Fistulariidae
    • Trumpetfish Fistularia tabacaria Linnaeus
  • Mackerels. Family Scombridae
    • Mackerel Scomber scombrus Linnaeus
    • Chub mackerel Pneumatophorus colias (Gmelin)
    • Striped bonito Euthynnus pelamis (Linnaeus)
    • False albacore Euthynnus alleteratus (Rafinesque)
    • Common bonito Sarda sarda (Bloch)
    • Tuna Thunnus thynnus (Linnaeus)
    • Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus maculatus (Mitchill)
    • King mackerel Scomberomorus regalis (Bloch)
    • Cavalla Scomberomorus cavalla (Cuvier)
  • Escolars. Family Gempylidae
    • Escolar Ruvettus pretiosus Cocco
  • Cutlassfishes. Family Trichiuridae
    • Cutlassfish Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus
  • Swordfishes. Family Xiphiidae
    • Swordfish Xiphias gladius Linnaeus
  • Spearfishes or Marlins and Sailfishes. Family Istiophoridae
    • Blue marlin Makaira ampla (Poey)
    • White marlin Makaira albida (Poey)
  • Dolphins. Family Coryphaenidae
    • Dolphin Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus
  • Seabreams or pomfrets. Family Bramidae
    • Johnson's Sea bream Taractes princeps (Johnson)
  • Butterfishes. Family Stromateidae
    • Butterfish Poronotus triacanthus (Peck)
    • Harvestfish Peprilus alepidotus (Linnaeus)
  • Rudderfishes. Family Centrolophidae
    • Barrelfish Palinurichthys perciformis (Mitchill)
    • Black ruff Centrolophus niger (Gmelin)
  • Pompanos and Jacks. Family Carangidae
    • Pilotfish Naucrates ductor (Linnaeus)
    • Rudderfish Seriola zonata (Mitchill)
    • Mackerel scad Decapterus macarellus (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
    • Crevalle Caranx hippos (Linnaeus)
    • Hardtail Caranx crysos (Mitchill)
    • Saurel Trachurus trachurus (Linnaeus)
    • Goggle-eyed scad Trachurops crumenophthalmus (Bloch)
    • Moonfish Vomer setapinnis (Mitchill)
    • Lookdown Selene vomer (Linnaeus)
    • Leatherjacket Oligoplites saurus (Bloch and Schneider)
    • Threadfin Alectis crinitus (Mitchill)
  • Bluefishes. Family Pomatomidae
    • Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus)
  • Sea basses. Family Serranidae
    • Striped bass Roccus saxatilis (Walbaum)
    • White perch Morone americana (Gmelin)
    • Sea bass Centropristes striatus (Linnaeus)
    • Wreckfish Polyprion americanus (Bloch and Schneider)
  • Catalufas or Big Eyes. Family Priacanthidae
    • Short big-eye Pseudopriacanthus altus (Gill)
  • Porgies. Family Sparidae
    • Scup Stenotomus versicolor (Mitebill)
    • Sheepshead Archosargus probatocephalus (Walbaum)
  • Croakers, Drums, and Weakfishes. Family Sciaenidae
    • Weakfish Cynoscion regalis (Bloch and Schneider)
    • Spot Leiostomus xanthurus Lacépède
    • Kingfish Menticirrhus saxatilis (Bloch and Schneider)
    • Black drum Pogonias cromis (Linnaeus)
  • Tilefishes. Family Branchiostegidae
    • Tilefish Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps Goode and Bean
  • Rockfishes. Family Scorpaenidae
    • Rosefish Sebastes marinus (Linnaeus)
    • Black-bellied rosefish Helicolenus dactylopterus (De La Roche)
  • Boarfishes. Family Caproidae
    • Boarfish Antigonia capros Lowe
  • Sculpins and Sea Ravens. Families Cottidae and Hemitripteridae
    • Hook-eared sculpin Artediellus uncinatus (Reinhardt)
    • Mailed sculpin Triglops ommatistius Gilbert
    • Grubby Myoxocephalus aeneus (Mitchill)
    • Shorthorn sculpin Myoxocephalus scorpius (Linnaeus)
    • Longhorn sculpin Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus (Mitchill)
    • Staghorn sculpin Gymnocanthus tricuspis (Reinhardt)
    • Arctic sculpin Cottunculus microps Collett
    • Sea raven Hemitripterus americanus (Gmelin)
  • Alligatorfishes. Family Agonidae
    • Alligatorfish Aspidophoroides monopterygius (Bloch)
  • Lumpfishes. Family Cyclopteridae
    • Lumpfish Cyclopterus lumpus Linnaeus
    • Spiny lumpfish Eumicrotremus spinosus (Müller)
  • Sea snails. Family Liparidae
    • Sea snail Neoliparis atlanticus Jordan and Evermann
    • Striped sea snail Liparis liparis (Linnaeus)
  • Sea robins or Gurnards and Armored sea robins. Families Triglidae and Peristediidae
    • Common sea robin Prionotus carolinus (Linnaeus)
    • Striped sea robin Prionotus evolans (Linnaeus)
    • Armored sea robin Peristedion miniatum Goode
  • Flying gurnards. Family Dactylopteridae
    • Flying gurnard Dactylopterus volitans (Linnaeus)
  • Cunner Tribe or Wrasses. Family Labridae
    • Cunner Tautogolabrus adspersus (Walbaum)
    • Tautog Tautoga onitis (Linnaeus)
  • Remoras. Family Echeneidae
    • Shark sucker Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus
    • Swordfish sucker Remora brachyptera (Lowe)
    • Remora Remora remora (Linnaeus)
  • Sand launces. Family Ammodytidae
    • Sand launce Ammodytes americanus DeKay
  • Blenny-like fishes. Families Lumpenidae, Pholidae, and Stichaeidae
    • Rock eel Pholis gunnellus (Linnaeus)
    • Snake blenny Lumpenus lumpretaeformis (Walbaum)
    • Shanny Leptoclinus maculatus (Fries)
    • Arctic shanny Stichaeus punctatus (Fabricius)
    • Radiated shanny Ulvaria subbifurcata (Storer)
  • Wrymouths. Family Cryptacanthodidae
    • Wrymouth Cryptacanthodes maculatus Storer
  • Wolffishes. Family Anarhichadidae
    • Wolffish Anarhichas lupus Linnaeus
    • Spotted Wolffish Anarhichas minor Olafsen
  • Ocean pouts and Wolf eels. Family Zoarcidae
    • Ocean pout Macrozoarces americanus (Bloch and Schneider)
    • Wolf eel Lycenchelys verrillii (Goode and Bean)
    • Arctic eelpout Lycodes reticulatus Reinhardt
  • Cusk eels. Family Ophidiidae
    • Cusk eel Lepophidium cervinum (Goode and Bean)
  • Toadfishes. Family Batrachoididae
    • Toadfish Opsanus tau (Linnaeus)
  • Triggerfishes. Family Balistidae
    • Triggerfish Balistes carolinensis Gmelin
  • Filefishes. Family Monacanthidae
    • Filefish Monacanthus hispidus (Linnaeus)
    • Filefish Monacanthus ciliatus (Mitchill)
    • Orange filefish Alutera schoepfii (Walbaum)
    • Unicornfish Alutera scripta (Gmelin)
  • Puffers and Porcupine-fishes. Families Tetraodontidae and Diodontidae
    • Puffer Sphaeroides maculatus (Bloch and Schneider)
    • Burrfish Chilomycterus schoepfii (Walbaum)
  • Ocean Sunfishes or Headfishes. Family Molidae
    • Sunfish Mola mola (Linnaeus)
    • Sharp-tailed sunfish Masturus lanceolatus (Lénard)
  • Anglers. Family Lophiidae
    • American Goosefish Lophius americanus Cuvier and Valenciennes
  • Sargassum fishes. Family Antennariidae
    • Sargassum fish Histrio pictus (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
  • Deep sea anglers. Family Ceratiidae
    • Deep sea angler Ceratias hölbolli Krøyer
• Bibliography
• Index to common names (A - L)
• Index to common names (K - Z)
• Index to scientfic names
• Colophon: notes regarding this edition